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Depiction of side effects of Covid-19 vaccines in Czech television news
Zelbová, Judita ; Klabíková Rábová, Tereza (advisor) ; Křeček, Jan (referee)
This thesis focuses on how the side effects of vaccination against covid-19 were presented by media during the pandemic. The aim was to find out how the side effects were reported by Czech national television stations in their evening news programmes, what were the differences in presentation between the stations and which experts were invited to comment on the topic. The thesis primarily uses qualitative content analysis and to a lesser degree quantitative content analysis. The thesis shows that three of the four TV stations studied (ČT1, Nova and Prima) approached the presentation of the topic in a very similar way conceptually, TV Barrandov being quite different in this respect. All TV stations presented side effects on the basis of substantiated data, with an emphasis on information obtained from relevant organisations (European Medicines Agency, Czech State Institute for Drug Control) and experts (mostly epidemiologists, immunologists and physicians of various specialties). Contrary to the expectation, the coverage of the side-effects proved to be relatively marginal and only became notable in the spring of 2021, when a larger number of adverse reactions occurred with the AstraZeneca vaccine.
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Adverse effects of epilepsy medication in children
Arnošová, Karolína ; Herink, Josef (advisor) ; Vopršalová, Marie (referee)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and medicinal sciences Candidate Karolína Arnošová Consultant doc.MUDr. Josef Herink DrSc. Title of thesis Adverse effects of epilepsy medication in children The aim of this thesis was to determine the most commonly used antiepileptics in children, its adverse effects and to compare these results with the adult epileptology. In the theoretical part there are etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, types of the seizures and epileptic syndromes described. The specifics of epilepsy treatment in children, not only pharmacotherapy, but also non-pharmacological treatment options, were documented as well. In the study there was exact half of patients treated with monotherapy and the other half with combined therapy which is not in line with the original hypothesis that assumed a predominance of monotherapy. The most commonly used antiepileptics in children were valproate (62,5 %), lamotrigine (25 %), topiramate and levetiracetame (both in 18,75 %). The hypothesis assuming a higher incidence of adverse effects in combination therapy has been confirmed. The most common adverse effects in children were the effects on total daily activity, occuring in 83,33 %, even with the mildest score on average....
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Recent knowledge on drug effect on male fertility
Klapková, Tereza ; Trejtnar, František (advisor) ; Hyršová, Lucie (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Candidate: Tereza Klapková Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. PharmDr. František Trejtnar, CSc. Title of diploma thesis: Recent knowledge on drug effect on male fertility Among the various types of side effects presented in clinically used drugs, negative effects on male reproductive functions can be find. This issue seems to be important and current especially due to the general trend of the decrease in fertility in men and the increasing drug use in younger age groups. The aim of this diploma thesis was to create an overview summarizing current expert knowledge on the effect of drugs on male fertility. For this purpose, we selected relevant publications in the PubMed database, perform their analysis and create the text ofthe thesis. The review focuses mainly on groups of drugs that are often clinically used and discussed in relation to male fertility, such as drugs acting on the cardiovascular system, antimicrobial drugs, drugs used in pain therapy, antidepressants, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, immunosuppressants and some other drugs. In addition to standard drugs, the review also includes several important natural substances, which are used as adjunctive therapy of various diseases or are important from a...
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Substance abuse among the top bodybuilders in the Czech Republic
Hoffmanová, Jana ; Harsa, Pavel (advisor) ; Šejvl, Jaroslav (referee)
In the last few years, the interest in bodybuilding has increased but unluckily it is often accompanied by taking doping substances. At this time, we have been already informed about anabolic steroids exclusively through the media spreading the news about the doping scandals of top athletes. Although many books were written about doping and bodybuilding, their first publishing was dated to 2000 and the literature today mainly focuses on nutrition and training. The goal of my thesis was to map the view of top bodybuilders on doping at the professional and hobby level and their knowledge of the effects of prohibited substances. The qualitative research was made by the series of dialogues that were semi-structured and with the agreement of respondents. The information was recorded on a dictaphone, transcribed and edited. The main research questions were based on the risks that are bodybuilders aware of, their motivation for the sports and possible use of the prohibited substances. They were also asked about their experience of the addiction to them. According to the research, the athletes are well-informed about all the risks. The majority of them are regular users of excessive amount. The motivation for the bodybuilding and taking doping is different, but they have something in common. It is the...
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Natrural substances with toxic and allergic activity
Rapiová, Vendula ; Tůmová, Lenka (advisor) ; Kašparová, Marie (referee)
Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacognosy Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Lenka Tůmová, CSc. Student: Vendula Rapiová Title of Thesis: Natural substances with toxic and allergic activity Keywords: medicinal plant, allergy, side effects, toxicity The connection between herbs and mankind dates to early ages and without discussion herbal remedies were the first one to put in use. We observe significant increase of herbal remedies used in paediatric patients in last decades. The goal of this work was set to examine available information about herbal safety. The list of herbs that are dangerous or inappropriate to use in children age was made. The herbs were grouped into simple classification system of herbal safety. In addition to chapters describing herbal safety the work contains knowledge about their general use in paediatrics phytotherapy, the pros and cons of their use. To gather the data of web research and scientific literature were employed. The analysed data were published between 1968-2017 and were collected using PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. The rate of herbal safety is classified into five specific groups - A, B, C, S and X. The analysis of results shows that the biggest group with the most represented samples in class was the class C with...
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Attitudes of patients toward the antidepressant therapy
Dvořáčková, Vendula ; Herink, Josef (advisor) ; Vopršalová, Marie (referee)
Vendula Dvořáčková Attitudes of patients toward antidepressant medication Master's thesis Charles University in Prague, the Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Pharmacy Background: The master's thesis deals with evaluation of attitudes of inpatients in the psychiatric clinic of Military University Hospital Prague. The main task was to clarify the relation between therapy attitude and the prescribed medication, diagnosis and sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: The data were collected using the Drug Attitude Inventory questionnaire (Czech version by Masopust) where sum of negative and positive answers was used to determine the patient's general attitude. Patients' characteristics were acquired from a data-entry form, specific medication from the medical records. Results: In the observed group women seemed to have a more positive attitude toward the treatment compared to men, similarly to people with a higher level of education and patients between 31 - 40 years of age in comparison with other age groups. The most positive responses were observed in patients who were prescribed agomelatine, trazodone and paroxetine. People diagnosed with personal disorders or affective bipolar disorder inclined to positive answers as well, on the other hand most negative...
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Using the IGRT and IMRT methods to treat prostate gland carcinoma and their side effects
KŘIVSKÁ, Klára
Prostatic carcinoma is a disease with a continuously increasing number of newly diagnosed cases all over the world. According to the commonly available statistic data it is the most frequent tumour disease of men. As far as oncological causes of death are concerned, it occupies the second place, after lung cancer. The situation in the Czech Republic corresponds to this trend. The incidence in this country has almost tripled in the last two decades. On the other hand, the number of deaths due to prostatic carcinoma decreases and it is approximately one third lower now. This very significant difference is given especially by the possibility of examination for the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) within the framework of preventive medical check-ups at general practitioners or at other specialists. The modern treatment of prostatic carcinoma, whether it concerns radical (curative) treatment or support (palliative) treatment, also has had an indisputable positive effect. According to the data obtained from the statistics managed by the National Cancer Registry from 2009, the number of newly diagnosed prostatic carcinomas in the Czech Republic reached 119.3 cases per 100,000 men. The death rate was 28.5 cases per 100,000 men. In conversion to absolute numbers from 2009 it means that 6154 men were diagnosed with a prostatic carcinoma and 1472 men died of it. Great success of modern treatment is confirmed also by a percentage expression of survival of patients after the end of treatment. In the time period of the last thirty years, the overall five-year survival for men with a prostatic carcinoma has increased from 68% to the current almost 100%. This means that an overwhelming majority of patients still live after five years from the diagnosis of their disease. Treatment of prostatic carcinoma has included the conform radiotherapy since the time of its introduction. The pioneers of this therapy are Japanese scientists Umegaki and Takahashi, who invented, in the 1960s, the first rotational conform radiation technology. It is more often associated with introduction of computer tomography (CT) into ordinary clinical practice. It was only in 1983 when a 3D planning system was presented, which then facilitated further development of tumour-conform radiotherapy. It was established that the doses from conventional techniques (e.g. a box) are not sufficient for the patients, do not lead to recovery and, quite on the contrary, they even increase the risk and major development of side effects. The advanced method of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), which started to be applied in practice in the 1990s, achieved much better results. Besides a change in the beam shape it enables a change in the beam intensity as well. This can be achieved in cooperation with a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) which changes the shape of its lamellas dynamically and thus it modifies and transfers its beam. Method IMRT better and more accurately shaped beam and thereby more saving to surrounding healthy tissue
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Side Effects of Radiotherapy and Patients´ Awareness of these Effects
CHMELÍKOVÁ, Helena
Oncology diseases belong to one of the most serious worldwide health problems. Each third citizen of the Czech Republic has a malign tumour in the course of life. One of the main methods of oncology disease treatment is radiotherapy. Ionizing radiation is used for the treatment but it also brings some undesirable side effects. In the practical part I focused especially on patients´ awareness of undesirable side effects of the treatment. To gain information I elaborated a questionnaire, which was filled in by 250 patients from the whole Czech Republic. The research was anonymous for both patients and hospitals, where the research was carried out. The most of patients say that the gained information is sufficient. However, 57 per cent of patients add that they would appreciate more information from other resources, especially leaflets and the Internet. The other important part of the thesis is a leaflet which informs on radiotherapy itself and on side effects and possibilities of treatment.
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Toxic effects of Radiotherapy for Female Patients over 60 Years of Age with Gynecological Tumors
POLODNOVÁ, Šárka
Cervical cancer and cancer within the body of the uterus are the most frequent cancers of the female reproductive organs, the incidence of which is on the rise. Every year, more than 1,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in the Czech Republic, as well as 1,500 cases of endometrial cancer. Surgical treatment and external radiotherapy are used during therapy and, in some cases, it is combined with brachytherapy and chemotherapy. I focused on the early toxicity of radiotherapy, which can be a limiting factor for the completion of treatment, especially in older patients. The investigated sample consists of 100 female patients who were divided into 4 groups, according to age and the primary diagnosis of these patients. Each group consists of 25 women. Patients in the first group are represented in a group of those under 60 years of age with cervical cancer; the average age is 48 years. The second group consists of patients with the same diagnosis, but who are over 60 years of age; the average age is 66 years. The third group consists of patients who are under 60 years of age who have uterine cancer; the average age is 54 years. The 4th group consists of patients who are over 60 years of age with uterine cancer; the average age is 71 years. All patients were irradiated at the Oncological Clinic of České Budějovice Hospital. In my thesis, I compared the toxicity of radiotherapy in the group of younger patients with the group of the older patients. Hematological toxicity was more frequently identified in older patients, be it the malignant cervical cancer (76%) or the endometrial cancer (52%). In younger patients, hematological complications occurred less frequently (cervix {--} 52%, body of uterus {--} 24%). Serious grade 4 toxicity was identified in one patient over 60 years of age with separate pelvis radiotherapy for cervical cancer. Grade 3 toxicity was identified in one patient from the younger group and in one patient from the older group with combined treatment for cervical cancer. In regard to non-hematological complications, toxicity was more severe in older patients too. The incidence of diarrhea in the over 60-year-olds was 64% as opposed to 48% in the younger group. The stated hypothesis of higher toxicity of treatment for older patients was confirmed during my research.
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